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{{Infobox Aircraft |name= BAe 146/Avro RJ
|type=[Airliner
|manufacturers=[British Aerospace[BAE Systems
|image=Image:Buzz BAE 146-300.jpg
|caption=[Buzz (airline) BAe 146-300
|designer=
|first flight=[1981-09-03
|introduced=May 1983
|retired=
|status=Active service
|primary user=
|more users=
|produced=1978-2003
|number built=387 (Avro RJ: 166; BAe 146: 221)
|unit cost=
|variants with their own articles=
-->]The
BAe 146 is a medium-sized commercial aircraft which was manufactured in the United Kingdom by
British Aerospace (which later became part of
BAE Systems). Production ran from 1983 until 2002, switching to an improved version known as the
Avro RJ in 1992. A further-improved version, the
Avro RJX – with new engines – was announced in 1997, but only three prototypes were built before production ceased in late 2001. With 387 aircraft produced, the Avro RJ/BAe 146 program is the second most successful British civil jet to date.
The BAe 146/Avro RJ carries its four turbofan jet engines on a high wing above the fuselage (not below, or at mid-fuselage, as on most conventional civilian aircraft) and has a T-tail. The aircraft has
STOL capabilities and very quiet operation; it has been marketed under the name
Whisperjet. It sees wide usage at small city-based airports. In its primary role it serves as a regional jet, short-haul
airliner or feederliner. The BAe 146/Avro RJ is in wide use among
European airlines, such as Lufthansa and Brussels Airlines. The freight-carrying version has the designation "QT" (Quiet Trader), while a convertible version is designated "QC".
The BAe 146 comes in -100, -200 and -300 models. The equivalent Avro RJ versions are designated RJ70, RJ85, and RJ100.
History
Hawker Siddeley carried out the original design in 1973 using the designation HS.146, but soon abandoned the project as a result of the world economic downturn resulting from the 1973 oil crisis. Low-key development proceeded, however, and in 1978 British Aerospace, Hawker Siddeley's corporate successor, re-launched the project. The name 146 comes from the original de Havilland design number, DH146, which was continued by Hawker Siddeley when the former became a subsidiary of the latter. The type name "Avro RJ" superseded "BAe 146" in 1993.
The BAe 146 received its
Certificate of Airworthiness on
1983-02-08.
Higher thrust LF507 turbofan engines from Honeywell, housed in newly designed
nacelles, replaced the original ALF-502 Lycoming engines. Production of this aircraft has ended, with the final four aircraft being delivered in October-November 2003. Many airlines are predicted to replace the Avro/BAe with the
Airbus A320#A318,
Bombardier Aerospace Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet#CRJ-700 or one of the
Embraer E-Jets range.
The early aircraft were built at what was the original
de Havilland factory at
Hatfield, Hertfordshire. The Avro RJ family of aircraft was built at the BAE Systems Regional Aircraft Centre at the
Woodford Aerodrome at
Woodford, Cheshire in
England. 166 Avro RJ aircraft were delivered between 1993 in aviation and 2002 in aviation.
The aircraft have proven to be useful on "high" density regional and short-haul routes. One of the main features of the BAe 146 that made it different from other regional aeroplanes is the fact that it features six-abreast seating which proves to be more comfortable than the more traditional four- or five-abreast seating of planes in its class. The plane is also renowned for its relatively low noise generation, a positive feature which won the hearts of many operators who wanted to fly in and out of noise stringent airports within cities.
Problems
The ALF 502 turbofans were derived from Lycoming's helicopter
turboshaft designs and suffered from some reliability problems. The internal electronics were prone to overheating which could trigger an automatic shutdown of an engine with no option of in-flight restarting, and certain rare atmospheric conditions caused loss of engine thrust due to internal icing.{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1G1:62527181&ctrlInfo=Round19%3AMode19a%3ADocG%3AResult&ao= |title=UPDATE: Braathens have BAe 146 aircraft.|author=Airline Industry Information|accessdate=2006-04-30-->. In recent years, there have been cases where toxic fumes from engine oil have entered the air-conditioning system and entered the cockpit, adversely affecting the pilots. .
Models
Avro RJ85
Bae 146 300 series wearing the colours of an Internet gaming Company.
Glasgow International Airport. July 2006.
BAe 146-100 and Avro RJ70:
First flight of the -100 occurred on 3 September 1981, with deliveries commencing in 1983 in aviation. The launch customer in March 1983 was Dan-Air soon followed by the
Royal Air Force's
Royal Flight. The -100 migrated last to the Avro RJ standard development, with first deliveries of the RJ70 beginning in late 1993. The RJ70 differed from the 146-100 in having FADEC LF 507 engines and digital avionics. The RJ70 seats 70 passengers, 82 six abreast or 94 in high-density configuration.
BAe 146-200 and Avro RJ85:
The 146-200 features a 2.41 m (7 ft 11 in) fuselage extension and reduced seat-distance costs. The -200 first flew in August
1982 in aviation and entered service six months later. The RJ85, the first RJ development of the BAe 146 family, features an improved cabin and the more efficient LF 507 s. Deliveries of the RJ85 began in April 1993. The RJ85 seats up to 112 passengers.
BAe 146-300 and Avro RJ100:
Designers' initial proposals for the -300, the final development of the 146 product line, included a 3.2 m extension to the fuselage of the -200, more powerful engines and Wingtip device. However due to the requirements of airlines for higher efficiency rather than capacity the production 146-300 emerged as a 2.44 m stretch of the -200, without winglets or the proposed ALF 502R-7. Deliveries began in December 1988. The Avro version of the 146-300, the second such development of the 146 product line, became the RJ100. It shared the fuselage of the 146 version, but with interior, engine and avionics improvements. The most common configuration in the RJ100 seats 100 passengers. The RJ115 seats 116 as standard or up to a maximum of 128 in a high-density layout.
Specific variants
- Statesman
VIP or corporate transport version.
- 146-QT (Quiet Trader)
Freighter version.
- 146-QC
Convertible passenger/freight version.
- 146-STA
Military transport version. This version also had a refuelling probe protruding beyond the nose. The aircraft was displayed at the 1989 Paris Air Show but failed to receive any orders.
Avro RJX Series
The
RJX-70,
RJX-85 and
RJX-100 aircraft represented advanced variants of the Avro RJ Series. The RJX used Honeywell AS977 turbofans for greater efficiency (15% less fuel-burn, 17% increased range), quieter performance and 20% less maintenance costs.
Druk Air of Bhutan placed orders for two RJX-85s, while British European placed orders for 12 RJX-100s. However, BAE Systems terminated the project in December 2001, having completed and flown only three aircraft - a prototype each of the RJX-85 and RJX-100, and a production RJX-100 for British European. BAE reached an agreement with Druk Air and British European in early 2002 in which the airlines agreed not to enforce their firm orders for the RJX. BAE explored the possibility of manufacturing 14 "hybrid" aircraft, however British European at least was unwilling to accept the risk of operating a unique type.
The termination of the RJX project marked the end of commercial airliner production in the
United Kingdom although key components, such as wing manufacture for Airbus aircraft, remains in the United Kingdom.
Operators
Avro RJ85
Civilian operators
BAe 146:
As of August 2006, a total of 158 BAE 146 aircraft (all variants) remain in airline service. Major operators include:
- :
- Bulgaria Air (8)
- Hemus Air (8)
Some 17 other airlines also operate smaller numbers of the type.
Flight International, 3-9 October 2006
Avro RJ:
As of August 2006, a total of 152 Avro RJ aircraft (all variants) also remain in airline service. Major operators include:
Some 12 other airlines also operate smaller numbers of the type.
Military operators
Incidents
The BAe-146/Avro RJ has been involved in seven hull-loss accidents with a total of 216 fatalities. Aviation Safety Network - BAe 146
- On 7 December 1987 a Pacific Southwest Airlines PSA Flight 1771 BAe 146-200 (registration: N350PS) crashed after a disgruntled former USAir employee aimed a .44 Magnum pistol and fired several shots in or near the cockpit area, causing the aircraft to enter a steep nosedive. All of the 43 passengers and crew members onboard were killed. At the time airline employees were allowed to bypass security checkpoints. Aviation Safety Network report - December 7, 1987 crash
- On 20 February 1991 a LAN Chile BAe 146-200A (registration: CC-CET) overran runway 8 while landing at Puerto Williams Airport (WPU), Chile, killing 20 of the 73 people onboard. Aviation Safety Network report - February 20, 1991 crash
- On 23 July 1993 a China Northwest Airlines BAe 146-300 (registration: B-2716) crashed while attempting to take off from Yinchuan Airport (INC), People's Republic of China. 55 of the 113 passengers and crew were killed. Aviation Safety Network report - July 23, 1993 crash
- On 25 September 1998 a Paukn Air BAe 146-100 (registration: EC-GEO) crashed while on an approach to runway 15 at Melilla Airport (MLN/GEML), Spain. All of the 38 passengers and crew were killed. Aviation Safety Network report - September 25, 1998
- On 24 November 2001 a Crossair flight 3597 Avro RJ-100 (registration: HB-IXM) crashed while on a VOR/DME approach to runway 28 at Zürich International Airport (ZRH/LSZH), Switzerland. 24 of the 33 passengers and crew were killed. Aviation Safety Network report - November 24, 2001 crash
- On 8 January 2003 a Türk Hava Yollari Avro RJ-100 (registration: TC-THG) crashed while on a VOR/DME approach to runway 34 at Diyarbakir Airport (DIY/LTCC), Turkey. All of the 80 passengers and crew were killed. Aviation Safety Network report - January 8, 2003 crash
- On 10 October 2006 a Atlantic Airways Flight 670 BAe 146-200A (registration OY-CRG) skidded off the runway while landing at Stord Airport, Sørstokken, Norway. The Spoiler (aeronautics) did not deploy when the aircraft landed. 3 passengers and 1 crew member were killed, of the 16 persons onboard. Norway runway blaze kills three, BBC News, October 10, 2006. Aviation Safety Network report - October 10, 2006 crash
Specifications (BAe 146-200)
{{aircraft specifications] ALF 502R-5|type of jet=
turbofans]s and spoiler (aeronautics)s, and a large split Air brake (aircraft) mounted in the tail, the plane does not need
reverse thrust at
landing. Consequently, the four engines (supplied by the
United States manufacturer Lycoming Engines) do not have this facility.
References
External links
- Manufacturer website - BAe 146 - Avro RJ
- Smiliner 146 family information page
- Aerospace-Technology - Avro RJ - Avro RJX
- Air Accidents Investigation Branch - Avro 146-RJ100, G-CFAA
- SwissWorldCargo Avro RJ100 «Jumbolino»
- "Jumbolino-Flug abgebrochen"
- THE BAE 146 at Greg Goebel's AIR VECTORS
- Aerosite - BAe 146
- Airliners_net British Aerospace BAe-146
Related content
{{aircontent|related=|similar aircraft=|sequence=
|see also=|lists=
-->
{{Infobox Aircraft |name= BAe 146/Avro RJ
|type=[Airliner
|manufacturers=[British Aerospace[BAE Systems
|image=Image:Buzz BAE 146-300.jpg
|caption=[Buzz (airline) BAe 146-300
|designer=
|first flight=[1981-09-03
|introduced=May 1983
|retired=
|status=Active service
|primary user=
|more users=
|produced=1978-2003
|number built=387 (Avro RJ: 166; BAe 146: 221)
|unit cost=
|variants with their own articles=
-->]The
BAe 146 is a medium-sized commercial aircraft which was manufactured in the
United Kingdom by
British Aerospace (which later became part of
BAE Systems). Production ran from 1983 until 2002, switching to an improved version known as the
Avro RJ in 1992. A further-improved version, the
Avro RJX – with new engines – was announced in 1997, but only three prototypes were built before production ceased in late 2001. With 387 aircraft produced, the Avro RJ/BAe 146 program is the second most successful British civil jet to date.
The BAe 146/Avro RJ carries its four
turbofan jet engines on a high wing above the fuselage (not below, or at mid-fuselage, as on most conventional civilian aircraft) and has a T-tail. The aircraft has
STOL capabilities and very quiet operation; it has been marketed under the name
Whisperjet. It sees wide usage at small city-based
airports. In its primary role it serves as a regional jet, short-haul
airliner or feederliner. The BAe 146/Avro RJ is in wide use among
European airlines, such as
Lufthansa and
Brussels Airlines. The freight-carrying version has the designation "QT" (Quiet Trader), while a convertible version is designated "QC".
The BAe 146 comes in -100, -200 and -300 models. The equivalent Avro RJ versions are designated RJ70, RJ85, and RJ100.
History
Hawker Siddeley carried out the original design in 1973 using the designation HS.146, but soon abandoned the project as a result of the world economic downturn resulting from the 1973 oil crisis. Low-key development proceeded, however, and in 1978 British Aerospace, Hawker Siddeley's corporate successor, re-launched the project. The name 146 comes from the original
de Havilland design number, DH146, which was continued by Hawker Siddeley when the former became a subsidiary of the latter. The type name "Avro RJ" superseded "BAe 146" in 1993.
The BAe 146 received its
Certificate of Airworthiness on 1983-02-08.
Higher thrust LF507
turbofan engines from Honeywell, housed in newly designed
nacelles, replaced the original ALF-502 Lycoming engines. Production of this aircraft has ended, with the final four aircraft being delivered in October-November 2003. Many airlines are predicted to replace the Avro/BAe with the
Airbus A320#A318, Bombardier Aerospace Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet#CRJ-700 or one of the
Embraer E-Jets range.
The early aircraft were built at what was the original
de Havilland factory at Hatfield, Hertfordshire. The Avro RJ family of aircraft was built at the
BAE Systems Regional Aircraft Centre at the
Woodford Aerodrome at
Woodford, Cheshire in England. 166 Avro RJ aircraft were delivered between 1993 in aviation and
2002 in aviation.
The aircraft have proven to be useful on "high" density regional and short-haul routes. One of the main features of the BAe 146 that made it different from other regional aeroplanes is the fact that it features six-abreast seating which proves to be more comfortable than the more traditional four- or five-abreast seating of planes in its class. The plane is also renowned for its relatively low noise generation, a positive feature which won the hearts of many operators who wanted to fly in and out of noise stringent airports within cities.
Problems
The ALF 502 turbofans were derived from Lycoming's helicopter turboshaft designs and suffered from some reliability problems. The internal electronics were prone to overheating which could trigger an automatic shutdown of an engine with no option of in-flight restarting, and certain rare atmospheric conditions caused loss of engine thrust due to internal icing.{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1G1:62527181&ctrlInfo=Round19%3AMode19a%3ADocG%3AResult&ao= |title=UPDATE: Braathens have BAe 146 aircraft.|author=Airline Industry Information|accessdate=2006-04-30-->. In recent years, there have been cases where toxic fumes from engine oil have entered the air-conditioning system and entered the cockpit, adversely affecting the pilots. .
Models
Avro RJ85
Bae 146 300 series wearing the colours of an Internet gaming Company.
Glasgow International Airport. July 2006.
BAe 146-100 and Avro RJ70:
First flight of the -100 occurred on 3 September
1981, with deliveries commencing in
1983 in aviation. The launch customer in March 1983 was Dan-Air soon followed by the Royal Air Force's Royal Flight. The -100 migrated last to the Avro RJ standard development, with first deliveries of the RJ70 beginning in late 1993. The RJ70 differed from the 146-100 in having FADEC LF 507 engines and digital avionics. The RJ70 seats 70 passengers, 82 six abreast or 94 in high-density configuration.
BAe 146-200 and Avro RJ85:
The 146-200 features a 2.41 m (7 ft 11 in) fuselage extension and reduced seat-distance costs. The -200 first flew in August 1982 in aviation and entered service six months later. The RJ85, the first RJ development of the BAe 146 family, features an improved cabin and the more efficient LF 507 s. Deliveries of the RJ85 began in April 1993. The RJ85 seats up to 112 passengers.
BAe 146-300 and Avro RJ100:
Designers' initial proposals for the -300, the final development of the 146 product line, included a 3.2 m extension to the fuselage of the -200, more powerful engines and
Wingtip device. However due to the requirements of airlines for higher efficiency rather than capacity the production 146-300 emerged as a 2.44 m stretch of the -200, without winglets or the proposed ALF 502R-7. Deliveries began in December 1988. The Avro version of the 146-300, the second such development of the 146 product line, became the RJ100. It shared the fuselage of the 146 version, but with interior, engine and avionics improvements. The most common configuration in the RJ100 seats 100 passengers. The RJ115 seats 116 as standard or up to a maximum of 128 in a high-density layout.
Specific variants
- Statesman
VIP or corporate transport version.
- 146-QT (Quiet Trader)
Freighter version.
- 146-QC
Convertible passenger/freight version.
- 146-STA
Military transport version. This version also had a refuelling probe protruding beyond the nose. The aircraft was displayed at the 1989 Paris Air Show but failed to receive any orders.
Avro RJX Series
The
RJX-70,
RJX-85 and
RJX-100 aircraft represented advanced variants of the Avro RJ Series. The RJX used Honeywell AS977 turbofans for greater efficiency (15% less fuel-burn, 17% increased range), quieter performance and 20% less maintenance costs. Druk Air of Bhutan placed orders for two RJX-85s, while British European placed orders for 12 RJX-100s. However, BAE Systems terminated the project in December 2001, having completed and flown only three aircraft - a prototype each of the RJX-85 and RJX-100, and a production RJX-100 for British European. BAE reached an agreement with Druk Air and British European in early 2002 in which the airlines agreed not to enforce their firm orders for the RJX. BAE explored the possibility of manufacturing 14 "hybrid" aircraft, however British European at least was unwilling to accept the risk of operating a unique type.
The termination of the RJX project marked the end of commercial airliner production in the United Kingdom although key components, such as wing manufacture for Airbus aircraft, remains in the United Kingdom.
Operators
Avro RJ85
Civilian operators
BAe 146:
As of August 2006, a total of 158 BAE 146 aircraft (all variants) remain in airline service. Major operators include:
Some 17 other airlines also operate smaller numbers of the type.
Flight International, 3-9 October 2006
Avro RJ:
As of August 2006, a total of 152 Avro RJ aircraft (all variants) also remain in airline service. Major operators include:
- Swiss International Air Lines (24)
Some 12 other airlines also operate smaller numbers of the type.
Military operators
Incidents
The BAe-146/Avro RJ has been involved in seven hull-loss accidents with a total of 216 fatalities. Aviation Safety Network - BAe 146
- On 7 December 1987 a Pacific Southwest Airlines PSA Flight 1771 BAe 146-200 (registration: N350PS) crashed after a disgruntled former USAir employee aimed a .44 Magnum pistol and fired several shots in or near the cockpit area, causing the aircraft to enter a steep nosedive. All of the 43 passengers and crew members onboard were killed. At the time airline employees were allowed to bypass security checkpoints. Aviation Safety Network report - December 7, 1987 crash
- On 20 February 1991 a LAN Chile BAe 146-200A (registration: CC-CET) overran runway 8 while landing at Puerto Williams Airport (WPU), Chile, killing 20 of the 73 people onboard. Aviation Safety Network report - February 20, 1991 crash
- On 23 July 1993 a China Northwest Airlines BAe 146-300 (registration: B-2716) crashed while attempting to take off from Yinchuan Airport (INC), People's Republic of China. 55 of the 113 passengers and crew were killed. Aviation Safety Network report - July 23, 1993 crash
- On 25 September 1998 a Paukn Air BAe 146-100 (registration: EC-GEO) crashed while on an approach to runway 15 at Melilla Airport (MLN/GEML), Spain. All of the 38 passengers and crew were killed. Aviation Safety Network report - September 25, 1998
- On 24 November 2001 a Crossair flight 3597 Avro RJ-100 (registration: HB-IXM) crashed while on a VOR/DME approach to runway 28 at Zürich International Airport (ZRH/LSZH), Switzerland. 24 of the 33 passengers and crew were killed. Aviation Safety Network report - November 24, 2001 crash
- On 8 January 2003 a Türk Hava Yollari Avro RJ-100 (registration: TC-THG) crashed while on a VOR/DME approach to runway 34 at Diyarbakir Airport (DIY/LTCC), Turkey. All of the 80 passengers and crew were killed. Aviation Safety Network report - January 8, 2003 crash
- On 10 October 2006 a Atlantic Airways Flight 670 BAe 146-200A (registration OY-CRG) skidded off the runway while landing at Stord Airport, Sørstokken, Norway. The Spoiler (aeronautics) did not deploy when the aircraft landed. 3 passengers and 1 crew member were killed, of the 16 persons onboard. Norway runway blaze kills three, BBC News, October 10, 2006. Aviation Safety Network report - October 10, 2006 crash
Specifications (BAe 146-200)
{{aircraft specifications] ALF 502R-5|type of jet=turbofans]s and spoiler (aeronautics)s, and a large split
Air brake (aircraft) mounted in the tail, the plane does not need
reverse thrust at
landing. Consequently, the four engines (supplied by the United States manufacturer Lycoming Engines) do not have this facility.
References
External links
- Manufacturer website - BAe 146 - Avro RJ
- Smiliner 146 family information page
- Aerospace-Technology - Avro RJ - Avro RJX
- Air Accidents Investigation Branch - Avro 146-RJ100, G-CFAA
- SwissWorldCargo Avro RJ100 «Jumbolino»
- "Jumbolino-Flug abgebrochen"
- THE BAE 146 at Greg Goebel's AIR VECTORS
- Aerosite - BAe 146
- Airliners_net British Aerospace BAe-146
Related content
{{aircontent|related=|similar aircraft=|sequence=
|see also=|lists=
-->